‘Culturology’ is an integral, often compulsory, part of Russian university courses; the discipline has largely replaced chairs in Marxist-Leninism and dialectical materialism, and bookshops are full of texts on the subject. This article is based on analysis of more than ten university textbooks recommended to first-year students. Marlène Laruelle examines why culturology has become so important, the place claimed for it within the human sciences, and what it means for changing Russian ideas of identity and nation.

How veridical is perception? Rather than representing objects as they actually exist in the world, might perception instead represent objects only in terms of the utility they offer to an observer? Previous work employed evolutionary modeling to show that under certain assumptions, natural selection favors such “strict‐interface” perceptual systems. This view has fueled considerable debate, but we think that discussions so far have failed to consider the implications of two critical aspects of perception. First, while existing models have explored single (...) utility functions, perception will often serve multiple largely independent goals. (Sometimes when looking at a stick you want to know how appropriate it would be as kindling for a campfire, and other times you want to know how appropriate it would be as a weapon for self‐defense.) Second, perception often operates in an inflexible, automatic manner—proving “impenetrable” to shifting higher‐level goals. (When your goal shifts from “burning” to “fighting,” your visual experience does not dramatically transform.) These two points have important implications for the veridicality of perception. In particular, as the need for flexible goals increases, inflexible perceptual systems must become more veridical. We support this position by providing evidence from evolutionary simulations that as the number of independent utility functions increases, the distinction between “interface” and “veridical” perceptual systems dissolves. Although natural selection evaluates perceptual systems only on their fitness, the most fit perceptual systems may nevertheless represent the world as it is. (shrink)

El presente artículo propone una lectura del Eutidemo de Platón a partir de la escena que tiene lugar en el prólogo del diálogo, en el cual un personaje misterioso critica a Sócrates y a los hermanos erísticos por la conversación que acaba de tener lugar. Defenderé que esta figura anónima esconde a Isócrates, quien en Contra los sofistas y Encomio de Helena había atacado a todos los discípulos de Sócrates por dedicarse a un tipo de actividad intelectual a su juicio (...) volcada a la pura disputa y sin utilidad para la vida cívica. Propondré que el Eutidemo constituye una respuesta a dicha crítica, en tanto que los dos modelos protrépticos de la obra le permiten a Platón distinguir su forma de emplear la dialéctica de la de otros de sus condiscípulos, principalmente los megáricos, así como sentar las bases de su proyecto filosófico-político fundado en el concepto de conocimiento. (shrink)

Se analizan saberes docentes de una maestra al enseñar el tema, las aportaciones de Darwin: adaptación y selección natural, en grado primero de secundaria en una escuela rural en el estado de Tlaxcala- México. Es un estudio etnográfico, en él se describen y examinan fragmentos de clase y se encuentra que sus saberes se asocian con tres aspectos de la dimensión colectiva de la enseñanza, referidos a: cómo involucrar a los niños en el trabajo grupal, cómo recapitular contenidos en beneficio (...) de la clase y cómo organizar el trabajo para el grupo. Estudios de esta naturaleza son importantes porque permiten comprender la acción docente más allá de prescripciones documentadas y aportan a la discusión de las investigaciones educativas en México. (shrink)

Traditionally, ontology, or at least western ontology, bas been an anthropocentric enterprise, that takes only human experiences into account. In this paper I argue that a prolific biocentric ontology can be based on UexkülI's Umwelt theory. UexkülI offers the basis of an ontology according to which the study of experiences is a much wider field than it is as depicted by classical ontology and contemporary philosophy of consciousness. Based on the thoughts of the contemporary philosopher Thomas Nagel I claim that (...) there might very well be Iifeforms that are totally unimaginable to us. I argue that this view is compatible with the Umwelt theory, and that it should be adopted by biosemioticians. Furthermore, I argue that a biosemiotic possibilism should be implemented. Followingly, one should not claim to know which characteristics of living beings are universally and necessarily valid, but restrict oneself to statements about life as we know it. (shrink)

The concept of ‘resistance’ has turned into a critical tool in different areas of political, philosophical and sociological thought. At the same time, the notion seems to be as productive as it is diffuse. ‘Resistance’ is used in very specific contexts in scientific or technical disciplines, and with extreme flexibility in social and cultural studies. In the latter two areas, the concept is often used without prior reflection on its characteristics and limitations. In What is Philosophy?, Deleuze provides a possible (...) framework for conceiving cultural and political practices of resistance as positions of force, when he defines contraction as ‘a contemplation that preserves the preceding in the following’. The purpose of this article is to understand political ecologism in its activist and poetical dimensions, in light of a Deleuzian interpretation of resistance. (shrink)

RESUMEN Una interpretación extendida del Eutidemo sostiene que la práctica erística de la cual Platón busca distanciarse en el diálogo constituye una referencia velada a la dialéctica desarrollada por el socrático Euclides y sus seguidores megáricos. No obstante, los expertos reconocen que la segunda demostración erística pone en boca de Eutidemo y Dionisodoro dos posiciones que fueron defendidas por Antístenes, según las cuales no es posible decir falsedades ni contradecir. Este trabajo busca analizar las refutaciones de dicha sección y confrontarlas (...) con los testimonios sobre Antístenes a fin de evaluar hasta qué punto nos encontramos en presencia de los mismos argumentos. Defenderé que si bien las refutaciones del Eutidemo poseen una inspiración antisténica, principalmente respecto de las tesis que buscan sostener, las mismas se basan en una serie de supuestos ambiguos que responden más a los lineamientos de la práctica erística que a los fundamentos del pensamiento antisténico. Argumentaré, asimismo, que esta diferencia podría explicarse a partir del hecho de que el Eutidemo puede ser leído como una respuesta al Encomio de Helena de Isócrates, en donde este ataca a los socráticos por dedicarse a la erística y al desarrollo de doctrinas paradójicas, entre las cuales incluye las tesis de Antístenes. ABSTRACT A widespread interpretation of the Euthydemus claims that the Eristic practice from which Plato seeks to distance himself in the dialogue constitutes a veiled reference to the dialectics developed by the Socratic Euclid and his Megarian followers. However, experts acknowledge that the second Eristic demonstration puts two positions in the mouth of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus which were defended by Antisthenes, according to which it is not possible to say falsehoods nor to contradict. This work seeks to analyze the refutations of this section and compare them with the testimonies about Antisthenes in order to evaluate to what extent they are the same arguments. I will defend that although the refutations of the Euthydemus have an Antisthenic inspiration, mainly with respect to the theses they seek to support, these are based on a series of ambiguous assumptions that correspond more to the principles of Eristics than to the grounds of Antisthenic thought. I will also argue that the difference could be explained by the fact that the Euthydemus can be understood as a response to Isocrates ’ Encomium of Helen, where he attacks the whole Socratic circle for devoting to Eristics and to the development of paradoxical doctrines, including the theses of the Antisthesis. (shrink)

After years of near total neglect, the problem of childhood obesity is now in the limelight. Terms like “epidemic,” “crisis,” and “emergency” are used frequently when describing the trend. Progress is defined with strong language and fueled by statistics such as the observation that this generation of children will be the first to live shorter lives than their parents. Multi-disciplinary journals such as the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics have dedicated symposiums to the issue, and conferences have been convened (...) not only by health professionals but by government agencies, the food industry, and even professionals who market to children. The seriousness of childhood obesity is no longer in doubt, and finally attention has turned to the more complex question – what must be done? (shrink)

Dit boek bevat de uitgebreide, geannoteerde en geïllustreerde versie van de 48ste Huizinga-lezing die Marlene Dumas vrijdagavond 6 december 2019 heeft uitgesproken in de Pieterskerk in Leiden. Dumas spreekt onder meer over het onderscheid tussen de kunstenaar en diens werk, het nadeel van een titel en de naaktheid van mannen in de kunst. 0Het boek bevat tevens een interview met Marlene Dumas, een schets van het leven en werk van Johan Huizinga, de naamgever van de lezing, en een (...) korte geschiedenis van de Huizinga-lezing, die al sinds 1972 bestaat. (shrink)

RESUMENUnamuno fue un escritor polémico, un auténtico agitador de conciencias, que empleó el arte de la provocación como arma para despertar del sueño de la inconsciencia. Esta es la actitud que el escritor español adopta ante el problema de la muerte, tal como es planteado en « Del sentimiento trágico de la vida». En este artículo se analiza el deseo de pervivencia en Unamuno, distinguiendo lo que él llama el »mínimo» de pervivencia deseable, y el «máximo» de inmortalidad imaginable. Asimismo, (...) se aborda la ética que se desprende de ese sentimiento trágico de la vida, pues Unamuno convierte a la experiencia del sufrimiento compartido, la compasión, en la fuente de la moral, como ya hicieron Rousseau y Schopenhauer.PLABRAS CLAVE:UNAMUNO, MUERTE, PERVIVENCIA, COMPASIÓN, SENTMIENTO TRÉGICOABSTRACTUnamuno was a controversial writer and, wielding the art of provocation, he sought to stir readers from a perceived state of unconsciousness. The Spanish writer’s «The Tragic Sense of Life», which discusses the question of death, exemplifies such approach. This article examines Unamuno’s desire to survive, drawing a distinction between what he calls the «minimum» survival desirable, and the «maximum» immortality imaginable. Moreover, it explores the ethical bearing that can be inferred from the tragic sense of life; as Unamuno, with clear echoes of Rousseau y Schopenhauer, presents the experience of common suffering or compassion as a source of morality.KEY WORDS:UNAMUNO, DEATH, SURVIVAL, COMPASSION, TRAGIC SENSE. (shrink)

Gothic literature—a genre brimming with madness, supernaturalism, and psychological terror—offers innumerable case studies potentially representing how psychiatric patients perceive their treatment from healthcare professionals. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s famous 1892 short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” offers a poignant example of this through its fictional narrator, a diarist many interpret to be suffering from postpartum depression. The fiction here does not stray far from reality: Gilman orchestrated her diarist’s experience to mirror her own, as both real author and fictional character suffocated from (...) a melancholy only made worse by their physicians’ insistence on following the “Rest Cure.” While this instruction to cease all work and activity was a prevalent depression treatment at the time, Gilman, through “The Yellow Wallpaper,” reveals how the intervention ultimately harmed more than helped because it overlooked her—and, by extension, her fictional diarist’s— unique needs and identities. Today, while the ineffective Rest Cure no longer exists, applying observations from “The Yellow Wallpaper” to clinical research calls attention to underrepresentation in treatment development, a costly problem that could be mitigated by mindful incorporation of intersectionality theory into study designs. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se desarrollarán algunos avances del grupo de investigación Feminización de la Extensión Crítica, el cual forma parte del Grupo de Trabajo Extensión crítica: teorías y prácticas en América Latina y el Caribe del Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO). Este grupo tiene como objetivo hacer visibles algunos invisibles que sostienen y reproducen la división social, técnica y sexual de la práctica extensionista, utilizando dos estrategias: 1- constituir la extensión universitaria en objeto de análisis y; 2- revisar (...) su corpus teórico desde las categorías propuestas por los feminismos academicistas y populares. Se presentarán algunos resultados preliminares obtenidos a partir de la lectura sintomal (leer un texto o un corpus teórico no solo por lo que dice sino también por lo que omite o silencia), lo que permite la elucidación crítica de los sesgos sexistas en el interior de las propias prácticas y construcciones teóricas para posibilitar reconceptualizaciones y aportes. Se incorpora además una nueva estrategia de abordaje: el análisis de la implicación subjetiva, para permitir el despliegue de lo opaco, para poder así actualizar la extensión crítica latinoamericana y caribeña y continuar recorriendo, con pasos renovados, los caminos de la extensión critica que ya fueran marcados por otrxs. (shrink)

Partiendo de los análisis (post)operaistas, proponemos explicar la transición de los dispositivos disciplinarios a los dispositivos de la sociedad de control, como el in- tento de capturar el exceso de subjetividad y la multiplicación de formas de vida que constituyen el modo inmanente de la producción de riqueza en la economía post- fordista. El capitalismo postfordista no es tanto una estructura de explotación que se pueda comprender, exclusivamente, con relación al concepto de plusvalía, sino un dispositivo de captura y apropiación (...) de esa producción. (shrink)

Background Challenging false beliefs are common situations among people living with dementia. They frequently imply time-shifts, that is, situations in which the person re-lives past experiences. Since they have emotional implications and important ethical implications, they are difficult to manage by caregivers, who are faced with the decision of telling or not telling the truth. Aims The study aimed to explore professional staff’s perceptions of common and best practices to manage a situation in which a person living with dementia is (...) having a false belief, specifically a time-shift. The study compares technical staff’s and assistant carers’ responses. Participants and research context Forty-two staff members working in four Spanish long-term care facilities were interviewed. 21 were assistant carers and 21 were technical staff. Research design This study involved a qualitative design, content-analyzing participant’s responses to semi-structured interviews. Participants read a vignette about a person living with dementia having a time-shift and were asked (1) how a situation like that is commonly managed and (2) how it should be managed. Ethical considerations The principles of informed consent, confidentiality, and assessment of consequences for participants were observed throughout the entire study, which was approved by the University of Barcelona Ethics Committee (IRB 00003099). Written participant’s consent was obtained prior to interviews. Findings All the participants mentioned having experienced a situation similar to that described in the vignette. In the case of common practices, lying was the most frequently mentioned strategy. As for best practices, lying and telling the truth were mentioned as well as responses that lie in-between, such as distracting or relaxing. However, most assistant carers reported that they do not know how a challenging false belief should be managed. Conclusion Our findings stress the importance of organizational guidelines and staff development in the management of challenging false beliefs (and specifically time-shifts) in PLWD. (shrink)

En este trabajo defenderé que los erísticos del Eutidemo se dedican a la sofística tal como esta es definida en el Sofista. Propondré que en tanto la quinta y la séptima definición se sirven del concepto de ἀντιλογικός, ambas son capaces de capturar el componente dialéctico y refutativo de la práctica erística. Preferiré indentificarlos con la séptima no sólo porque constituye la definición final del sofista, sino también porque esta incluye entre sus determinaciones el empleo engañoso de tal forma de (...) argumentación, rasgo que se ajusta más a la erística que el cobro de dinero, elemento principal de la quinta. (shrink)

En la genealogía del cuidado de sí, Foucault afirma que la filosofía cartesiana propina a esta tradición el golpe definitivo que la condena al olvido. A partir de entonces, el sujeto ya no debe practicar sobre su ser de sujeto ninguna transformación para acceder a la verdad, basta con el empleo correcto de sus facultades cognoscitivas. En este artículo se defiende que en Descartes la cuestión del cuidado no es olvidada, sino que precisamente la empresa de la reconstrucción del edificio (...) del conocimiento para la búsqueda de la verdad es abordada como fruto de una decisión moral sobre la forma de vida. (shrink)

Scholars have long asserted that public relations (PR) professionals should play the role of organizational conscience, but little research has focused on why and how they play this role effectively. We found that PR professionals who played the role of organizational conscience had broadened conceptions of their roles and responsibilities, including a fervent duty to the public interest. This often put them in the position of providing criticism to powerful organizational players. Rather than raising their ethical concerns as persuasive orators, (...) they used subtle, resourceful, and experiential approaches to persuasion. Playing the role of organizational conscience typically necessitated gaining access to informal coalitions since access to dominant power coalitions often was limited or late. Organizations with participative cultures supported the role of organizational conscience. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe idea that metaphorical meaning is guided by speakers’ experiences of the world is central to Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Yet little is known about the ways in which speakers’ understandings of objects in the world around them influence how they use words in metaphorical and non-metaphorical ways. This article is a corpus linguistic analysis of the collocational patterns of metaphorical and non-metaphorical bridge instances from the Corpus of American English Corpus of Contemporary American English. The study shows that metaphorical and (...) non-metaphorical uses of words are systematically linked to different types of real world experiences. It is argued that lexical metaphors are, in fact, lexico-encyclopedic conceptual metaphors, and that they are constrained by cognitive salience. (shrink)

Does shame have a limited moral role because it is associated with a loss of self-respect or is it an important emotional support for socially beneficial behaviours? Aristotle supports the latter position. In his ethical theory, he famously claims that shame is a semi-virtue essential in the habituation of moral norms. He clarifies this role in the Rhetoric’s lesser-known distinction between true and conventional shame, which implies human beings make subjective evaluations of those appropriated cultural norms. Importantly, he locates this (...) potential for ethical assessment in friendship and not in public discourse, as he thinks it would be shameless to publicly evaluate moral rules. The article ends by exploring potential critiques to his position and argues that Aristotle’s approach makes shame indispensable for moral progress, even though we might want to consider some limited role for shameless public protest. (shrink)

The extent to which visual information on the contralateral, unattended side influences the performance of patients with hemispatial neglect was studied in a visuomotor reaching task. We replicated the well-established finding that, relative to target-alone trials, normal subjects are slower to reach to targets in the presence of visual distractors which appear either ipsilateral or contralateral to the target, with greater interference in the former condition. Six patients with hemispatial neglect showed even greater interference than did the normal subjects when (...) the distractor appeared ipsilaterally but showed no significant interference from contralateral distractors. This pattern of performance was qualitatively similar for patients with lesions restricted to posterior regions and for patients with more extensive lesions involving both posterior and anterior brain regions. These findings suggest that, in the visuomotor domain, information on the contralateral side is processed minimally, if at all, in patients with hemispatial neglect. (shrink)

El presente trabajo pretende repensar la centralidad ontológica de la clase obrera a la luz de los cambios acaecidos en el paradigma post-fordista. Una profunda transformación del capitalismo que ha consolidado una matriz de acumulación en la que la forma-empleo ha cristalizado como precariado. Éste no es concebido como el sujeto histórico portador de un proyecto de transformación radical. Pensar las posibles potencias de subversión que encarna el precariado será el objetivo.

Este trabajo pretende mostrar que la suspensión es la temporalidad inmanente a la noción de éxodo en Paolo Virno, a través de la potencia negativa tal como es entendida en el pensamiento de G. Agamben. La argumentación se articulará en tres momentos: en primer lugar, atenderemos a la lectura de “El Fragmento de las máquinas” de los Grundrisse de Marx que realiza Paolo Virno, en la que sostiene que la propia naturaleza del General Intellect implica que una parte importante de (...) los conocimientos no sea susceptible de ser depositada en las máquinas, sino que contiene como condición necesaria su manifestación directa del trabajo vivo y, por tanto, en fuerza de trabajo; en segundo lugar, analizaremos cómo el cuerpo biológico del individuo, en tanto que potencia puesta a producir, es el fundamento de la biopolítica; y, finalmente, nos adentraremos en el pensamiento de G. Agamben para sostener la tesis planteada. (shrink)

The 2017 Commission on Public Relations Education report found new professionals are not meeting employers’ expectations regarding ethics knowledge, skills and abilities. This mixed-method s...

This work proposes an interpretation of Euthydemus 283c-288b taking into account the problem of the false in the Sophist. My hypothesis will be that the second eristic demonstration of the Euthydemus can be understood as a representation of Sophist 236d-239b: while in this passage there it is the Stranger is the one who states what the sophist would say to defend himself from the seventh definition, in which he is accused of producing falsehoods, in the Euthydemus two sophists are who (...) use the notions of non-being and falsehood to refute such accusation. The work has three parts. Firstly, I shall analyze Sophist 236d-239b and contextualize it within the framework of the seventh definition. Secondly, I focus on the characterization of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus as sophists. Finally, I analyze the three arguments that organize the second demonstration of the Euthydemus, trying to understand its structure and its role in the drama of the dialogue. (shrink)

La libertad en Descartes tiene dos momentos diferentes: antes de que se descubra la posibilidad de la verdad y después de su descubrimiento. La experiencia de la libertad previa al establecimiento de las condiciones de la verdad tiene lugar en la decisión de reconstruir el edificio del conocimiento. El descubrimiento de su fundamento teológico tiene como consecuencia la moralización del saber.

Durante el siglo IV a. C. los intelectuales griegos discutieron sobre los alcances y características de la labor filosófica, en un intento por delimitar esta práctica distinguiéndola de otras. En este artículo me centraré en el retrato del sofista como contracara del filósofo. Analizaré específicamente la respuesta platónica al ataque que Isócrates dirige contra todos los discípulos de Sócrates en Contra los sofistas y Encomio de Helena. Defenderé que la estrategia de Platón para eludir dicha crítica consistió en construir en (...) el Eutidemo y la quinta definición del Sofista un personaje que reúne los rasgos más censurados por Isócrates: el sofista erístico. Argumentaré que esta figura no remite a los sofistas del siglo V a. C., sino que tras ella se encuentran ocultos los representantes del grupo megárico, a quienes Platón habría colocado como los principales merecedores de la embestida isocrática. During the fourth century BC, Greek thinkers discussed about the limits and characteristics of philosophy in order to distinguish it from other practices. In this paper, I will focus on the portrait of sophists as diametrically opposed to philosophers. Specifically, I will discuss the platonic answer to the charge that Isocrates directed against all Socrates’ disciples in the treatises Against the Sophists and Encomium of Helen. I will defend that Plato’s strategy to avoid his critics was to develop, in the Euthydemus and the fifth definition of the Sophist, a character that combines the most significant attributes censured by Isocrates: the eristic sophist. I will argue that this figure does not refer to the Sophists of the fifth century BC., but to the Megaric group. They would have been those who, according to Plato, really deserved the Isocratic attack. (shrink)

RESUMEN Las principales ideas del pensamiento de Han se construyen frente a conceptos de la filosofía de Foucault: la psicopolítica como superación de la biopolítica, la transparencia como un panóptico no perspectivista y el cuidado de sí como la técnica de dominación más eficaz, propia de individuos que se someten voluntariamente creyendo que son libres. En este trabajo evalúo dicha lectura subrayando las imprecisiones sobre las que se asienta su lectura de Foucault: no comprende el carácter incitador de la biopolítica (...) y olvida la importancia de la perspectiva en el panóptico y la imposibilidad de escapar de las relaciones de poder. ABSTRACT The main ideas of Han's thought are built against concepts of Foucault's philosophy: psychopolitics as overcoming biopolitics, transparency as a non-perspectivist panopticon and self-care as the most effective technique for dominating individuals who submit voluntarily while believing that they are free. In this paper I evaluate this reading, underlining the imprecisions on which his reading of Foucault is based: he does not understand the inciting character of biopolitics and forgets the importance of perspective in the panopticon and the impossibility of escaping from power relations. (shrink)

Este artículo se propone como objetivo problematizar los principales análisis que han abordado las relaciones posibles entre el populismo y el neoliberalismo. Aun cuando existe una extensa literatura sobre ello, aquí no atenderemos a cualquier concepción del populismo, sino sólo a las que se refieren a la razón populista de Ernesto Laclau; y, de la misma manera, no a cualquier concepción de lo neoliberal, sino a la gubernamentalidad neoliberal de Michel Foucault. Y, más en concreto, ponemos la mirada sobre las (...) reflexiones que atienden al vínculo entre la gubernamentalidad neoliberal y la razón populista, entendiendo ésta última como un horizonte de construcción política de un proyecto democrático, una forma de elaborar la voluntad política que tiene una pretensión emancipadora. Así, expondremos y desgranaremos las perspectivas que consideramos fundamentales al tiempo que las someteremos a diferentes consideraciones críticas. (shrink)

Nurse educators have the responsibility of assisting students and their colleagues with understanding and practicing ethical conduct. There is an inherent responsibility to keep codes current and relevant for existing nursing practice. The code presented here is a revision of the Code of ethics for nurse educators originally published in 1983 and includes changes that are intended to provide for that relevancy.

Why have core knowledge? Standard answers typically emphasize the difficulty of learning core knowledge from experience, or the benefits it confers for learning about the world. Here, we suggest a complementary reason: Core knowledge is critical for learning not just about the external world, but about the mind itself.

Referenciado na Análise Institucional do Discurso, o estudo investigou os sentidos atribuídos ao "ser alguém na vida" no discurso de estudantes do ensino médio de uma escola pública do litoral paranaense. Realizaram-se entrevistas, cuja análise buscou delinear os modos de produção de subjetividade, ..